Jumat, 27 November 2009
Senjata Nuklir
Senjata nuklir
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari
Awan cendawan pengeboman Nagasaki, Jepang, 1945, menjulang sampai 18 km di atas hiposentrum.
Senjata nuklir adalah senjata yang mendapat tenaga dari reaksi nuklir dan mempunyai daya pemusnah yang dahsyat - sebuah bom nuklir mampu memusnahkan sebuah kota. Senjata nuklir telah digunakan hanya dua kali dalam pertempuran - semasa Perang Dunia II oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap kota-kota Jepang Hiroshima dan Nagasaki.Pada masa itu daya ledak bom nuklir yg dijatuhkan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki sebesar 20 kilo(ribuan) ton TNT. Sedangkan bom nuklir sekarang ini berdaya ledak lebih dari 70 mega(jutaan) ton TNT
Negara pemilik senjata nuklir yang dikonfirmasi adalah Amerika Serikat, Rusia, Britania Raya (Inggris), Perancis, Republik Rakyat Cina, India dan Pakistan. Selain itu, negara Israel dipercayai mempunyai senjata nuklir, walaupun tidak diuji dan Israel enggan mengkonfirmasi apakah memiliki senjata nuklir ataupun tidak. Lihat daftar negara dengan senjata nuklir lebih lanjut.
Bentuk bom nuklir yang dijatuhkan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki
Senjata nuklir kini dapat dilancarkan melalui berbagai cara, seperti melalui pesawat pengebom, peluru kendali, peluru kendali balistik, dan Peluru kendali balistik jarak benua.
[sunting] Tipe senjata nuklir
Dua tipe desain dasar
Senjata nuklir mempunyai dua tipe dasar. Tipe pertama menghasilkan energi ledakannya hanya dari process reaksi fisi. Senjata tipe ini secara umum dinamai bom atom (atomic bomb, A-bombs). Energinya hanya diproduksi dari inti atom.
Pada senjata tipe fisi, masa fissile material (uranium yang diperkaya atau plutonium) dirancang mencapai supercritical mass - jumlah massa yang diperlukan untuk membentuk reaksi rantai- dengan menabrakkan sebutir bahan sub-critical terhadap butiran lainnya (the "gun" method), atau dengan memampatkan bulatan bahan sub-critical menggunakan bahan peledak kimia sehingga mencapai tingkat kepadatan beberapa kali lipat dari nilai semula. (the "implosion" method). Metoda yang kedua dianggap lebih canggih dibandingkan yang pertama. Dan juga penggunaan plutonium sebagai bahan fisil hanya bisa di metoda kedua.
Tantangan utama di semua desain senjata nuklir adalah untuk memastikan sebanyak mungkin bahan bakar fisi terkonsumsi sebelum senjata itu hancur. Jumlah energi yang dilepaskan oleh pembelahan bom dapat berkisar dari sekitar satu ton TNT ke sekitar 500.000 ton (500 kilotons) dari TNT.
Tipe kedua memproduksi sebagian besar energinya melalui reaksi fusi nuklir. Senjata jenis ini disebut senjata termonuklir atau bom hidrogen (disingkat sebagai bom-H), karena tipe ini didasari proses fusi nuklir yang menggabungkan isotop-isotop hidrogen (deuterium dan tritium). Meski, semua senjata tipe ini mendapatkan kebanyakan energinya dari proses fisi (termasuk fisi yang dihasilkan karena induksi neutron dari hasil reaksi fusi.) Tidak seperti tipe senjata fisi, senjata fusi tidak memiliki batasan besarnya energy yang dapat dihasilkan dari sebuah sejata termonuklir.
Dasar kerja desain Tellr-Ulam pada bomb hidrogen: sebuah bomb fisi menghasilkan radiasi yang kemudian mengkompresi dan memanasi butiran bahan fusi pada bagian lain.
Senjata termonuklir bisa berfungsi dengan melalui sebuah bomb fisi yang kemudian memampatkan dan memanasi bahan fisi. Pada desain Teller-Ulam, yang mencakup semua senjata termonuklir multi megaton, metoda ini dicapai dengan meletakkan sebuah bomb fisi dan bahan bakar fusi (deuterium atau lithium deuteride) pada jarak berdekatan didalam sebuah wadah khusus yang dapat memantulkan radiasi. Setelah bomb fisi didetonasi, pancaran sinar gamma and sinar X yang dihasilkan memampatkan bahan fusi, yang kemudian memanasinya ke ke suhu termonuklir. Reaksi fusi yang dihasilkan, selanjutnya memproduksi neutron berkecepatan tinggi yang sangat banyak, yang kemudian menimbulkan pembelahan nuklir pada bahan yang biasanya tidak rawan pembelahan, sebagai contoh depleted uranium. Setiap komponen pada design ini disebut "stage" (atau tahap). Tahap pertama pembelahan atom bom adalah primer dan fusi wadah kapsul adalah tahap sekunder. Di dalam bom-bom hidrogen besar, kira-kira separuh dari 'yield' dan sebagian besar nuklir fallout, berasal pada tahapan fisi depleted uranium. Dengan merangkai beberapa tahap-tahap yang berisi bahan bakar fusi yang lebih besar dari tahap sebelumnya, senjata termonuklir bisa mencapai "yield" tak terbatas. Senjata terbesar yang pernah diledakan (the Tsar Bomba dari USSR) merilis energi setara lebih dari 50 juta ton (50 megaton) TNT. Hampir semua senjata termonuklir adalah lebih kecil dibandingkan senjata tersebut, terutama karena kendala praktis seperti perlunya ukuran sekecil ruang dan batasan berat yang bisa di dapatkan pada ujung kepala roket dan misil.
Ada juga tipe senjata nuklir lain, sebagai contoh boosted fission weapon, yang merupakan senjata fisi yang memperbesar 'yield'-nya dengan sedikit menggunakan reasi fisi. Tetapi fisi ini bukan berasal dari bom fusi. Pada tipe 'boosted bom', neutron-neutron yand dihasilkan oleh reaksi fusi terutama berfungsi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi bomb fisi. contoh senjata didesain untuk keperluan khusus; bomb neutron adalah senjata termonuklir yang menghasilkan ledakan relatif kecil, tetapi dengan jumlah radiasi neutron yang banyak. Meledaknya senjata nuklir ini diikuti dengan pancaran radiasi neutron. Senjata jenis ini, secara teori bisa digunakan untuk membawa korban yang tinggi tanpa menghancurkan infrastruktur dan hanya membuat fallout yang kecil. Membubuhi senjata nuklir dengan bahan tertentu (sebagain contoh cobalt atau emas) menghasilkan senjata yang dinamai "salted bomb". Senjata jenis ini menghasilkan kontaminasi radioactive yang sangat tinggi. Sebagian besar variasi di disain senjata nuklir terletak pada beda "yield" untuk berbagai keperluan, dan untuk mencapai ukuran fisik yang sekecil mungkin.
Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas
Langsung ke: navigasi, cari
Awan cendawan pengeboman Nagasaki, Jepang, 1945, menjulang sampai 18 km di atas hiposentrum.
Senjata nuklir adalah senjata yang mendapat tenaga dari reaksi nuklir dan mempunyai daya pemusnah yang dahsyat - sebuah bom nuklir mampu memusnahkan sebuah kota. Senjata nuklir telah digunakan hanya dua kali dalam pertempuran - semasa Perang Dunia II oleh Amerika Serikat terhadap kota-kota Jepang Hiroshima dan Nagasaki.Pada masa itu daya ledak bom nuklir yg dijatuhkan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki sebesar 20 kilo(ribuan) ton TNT. Sedangkan bom nuklir sekarang ini berdaya ledak lebih dari 70 mega(jutaan) ton TNT
Negara pemilik senjata nuklir yang dikonfirmasi adalah Amerika Serikat, Rusia, Britania Raya (Inggris), Perancis, Republik Rakyat Cina, India dan Pakistan. Selain itu, negara Israel dipercayai mempunyai senjata nuklir, walaupun tidak diuji dan Israel enggan mengkonfirmasi apakah memiliki senjata nuklir ataupun tidak. Lihat daftar negara dengan senjata nuklir lebih lanjut.
Bentuk bom nuklir yang dijatuhkan di Hiroshima dan Nagasaki
Senjata nuklir kini dapat dilancarkan melalui berbagai cara, seperti melalui pesawat pengebom, peluru kendali, peluru kendali balistik, dan Peluru kendali balistik jarak benua.
[sunting] Tipe senjata nuklir
Dua tipe desain dasar
Senjata nuklir mempunyai dua tipe dasar. Tipe pertama menghasilkan energi ledakannya hanya dari process reaksi fisi. Senjata tipe ini secara umum dinamai bom atom (atomic bomb, A-bombs). Energinya hanya diproduksi dari inti atom.
Pada senjata tipe fisi, masa fissile material (uranium yang diperkaya atau plutonium) dirancang mencapai supercritical mass - jumlah massa yang diperlukan untuk membentuk reaksi rantai- dengan menabrakkan sebutir bahan sub-critical terhadap butiran lainnya (the "gun" method), atau dengan memampatkan bulatan bahan sub-critical menggunakan bahan peledak kimia sehingga mencapai tingkat kepadatan beberapa kali lipat dari nilai semula. (the "implosion" method). Metoda yang kedua dianggap lebih canggih dibandingkan yang pertama. Dan juga penggunaan plutonium sebagai bahan fisil hanya bisa di metoda kedua.
Tantangan utama di semua desain senjata nuklir adalah untuk memastikan sebanyak mungkin bahan bakar fisi terkonsumsi sebelum senjata itu hancur. Jumlah energi yang dilepaskan oleh pembelahan bom dapat berkisar dari sekitar satu ton TNT ke sekitar 500.000 ton (500 kilotons) dari TNT.
Tipe kedua memproduksi sebagian besar energinya melalui reaksi fusi nuklir. Senjata jenis ini disebut senjata termonuklir atau bom hidrogen (disingkat sebagai bom-H), karena tipe ini didasari proses fusi nuklir yang menggabungkan isotop-isotop hidrogen (deuterium dan tritium). Meski, semua senjata tipe ini mendapatkan kebanyakan energinya dari proses fisi (termasuk fisi yang dihasilkan karena induksi neutron dari hasil reaksi fusi.) Tidak seperti tipe senjata fisi, senjata fusi tidak memiliki batasan besarnya energy yang dapat dihasilkan dari sebuah sejata termonuklir.
Dasar kerja desain Tellr-Ulam pada bomb hidrogen: sebuah bomb fisi menghasilkan radiasi yang kemudian mengkompresi dan memanasi butiran bahan fusi pada bagian lain.
Senjata termonuklir bisa berfungsi dengan melalui sebuah bomb fisi yang kemudian memampatkan dan memanasi bahan fisi. Pada desain Teller-Ulam, yang mencakup semua senjata termonuklir multi megaton, metoda ini dicapai dengan meletakkan sebuah bomb fisi dan bahan bakar fusi (deuterium atau lithium deuteride) pada jarak berdekatan didalam sebuah wadah khusus yang dapat memantulkan radiasi. Setelah bomb fisi didetonasi, pancaran sinar gamma and sinar X yang dihasilkan memampatkan bahan fusi, yang kemudian memanasinya ke ke suhu termonuklir. Reaksi fusi yang dihasilkan, selanjutnya memproduksi neutron berkecepatan tinggi yang sangat banyak, yang kemudian menimbulkan pembelahan nuklir pada bahan yang biasanya tidak rawan pembelahan, sebagai contoh depleted uranium. Setiap komponen pada design ini disebut "stage" (atau tahap). Tahap pertama pembelahan atom bom adalah primer dan fusi wadah kapsul adalah tahap sekunder. Di dalam bom-bom hidrogen besar, kira-kira separuh dari 'yield' dan sebagian besar nuklir fallout, berasal pada tahapan fisi depleted uranium. Dengan merangkai beberapa tahap-tahap yang berisi bahan bakar fusi yang lebih besar dari tahap sebelumnya, senjata termonuklir bisa mencapai "yield" tak terbatas. Senjata terbesar yang pernah diledakan (the Tsar Bomba dari USSR) merilis energi setara lebih dari 50 juta ton (50 megaton) TNT. Hampir semua senjata termonuklir adalah lebih kecil dibandingkan senjata tersebut, terutama karena kendala praktis seperti perlunya ukuran sekecil ruang dan batasan berat yang bisa di dapatkan pada ujung kepala roket dan misil.
Ada juga tipe senjata nuklir lain, sebagai contoh boosted fission weapon, yang merupakan senjata fisi yang memperbesar 'yield'-nya dengan sedikit menggunakan reasi fisi. Tetapi fisi ini bukan berasal dari bom fusi. Pada tipe 'boosted bom', neutron-neutron yand dihasilkan oleh reaksi fusi terutama berfungsi untuk meningkatkan efisiensi bomb fisi. contoh senjata didesain untuk keperluan khusus; bomb neutron adalah senjata termonuklir yang menghasilkan ledakan relatif kecil, tetapi dengan jumlah radiasi neutron yang banyak. Meledaknya senjata nuklir ini diikuti dengan pancaran radiasi neutron. Senjata jenis ini, secara teori bisa digunakan untuk membawa korban yang tinggi tanpa menghancurkan infrastruktur dan hanya membuat fallout yang kecil. Membubuhi senjata nuklir dengan bahan tertentu (sebagain contoh cobalt atau emas) menghasilkan senjata yang dinamai "salted bomb". Senjata jenis ini menghasilkan kontaminasi radioactive yang sangat tinggi. Sebagian besar variasi di disain senjata nuklir terletak pada beda "yield" untuk berbagai keperluan, dan untuk mencapai ukuran fisik yang sekecil mungkin.
Sabtu, 07 November 2009
secret my live....in my heart....
Hidup memang tak selalu berjalan seperti yang kita inginkan..
Kadang cinta itu manis dan pahit...
Manis jika cinta itu berbalas...
Pahit jika cinta itu tak berbalas...
Cinta sejati itu butuh pengorbanan...
Cinta bukan berarti memiliki...
Walau harus rela ia pergi dengan orang lain...
Walau perih...
Kadang cinta itu manis dan pahit...
Manis jika cinta itu berbalas...
Pahit jika cinta itu tak berbalas...
Cinta sejati itu butuh pengorbanan...
Cinta bukan berarti memiliki...
Walau harus rela ia pergi dengan orang lain...
Walau perih...
Minggu, 25 Oktober 2009
The Inventors of all time
You may have heard of these guys, but you know just how much they contributed to humanity. Each man on this list is a true inventor. Their work either directly result-ed in a number of important technological leaps or their ideas allowed thousand of other scientists to bring us to modern times. In short, these men are the scientific giants. And now, impact is still being felt today. Who are they? Read on:
Thomas Edison
(February 11,1847 October 8, 1931)
Edison’s invention had such a great effect on the world. It’s easy to focus on the light bulb when we think of Edison, but his real insight came with the power to make light bulb work in 1882, Edison gave the world its first power distribution company, sending electric to 59 cus-tomers in lower Manhattan. Backed by JP Morgan and the Vanderbilts, Edison also used his know-ledge to give the world an early version of stock ticker.
Cool fact it’s a good thing that Edison didn’t put his knowledge to work an the field of human science for the last year of his life he followed o popular fad diet that required him to drink nothing but a pint of milk every three hours.
Johannes Gutenberg
1398-February 3, 1468
Johannes Gutenberg put all the pieces together when he made a practical printing press that used moveable type. His idea might seem small but actually his press started the information revolution. In truth, the Chinese had been using moveable type for centuries, but Gutenberg was the first to print his type in books, not silk. That innovation made knowledge available to a wider class of people and give birth to the Age of Enlightenment. As an inno-vator, Gutenberg was superior, but as a business-man, he was a failure. His printing press changed the world, but failed to make him a profit and he lost the rights to his invention in a lawsuits against his financier.
Cool fact: In debt and battling alcoholism, Gutenberg spent the later years of his life working for the Archbishop of Mainz, who paid him in food and lodging to control his drinking habit.
James Watt
January 19,1736- August 19 1819
Steam in not energy source today. Anyway, back in the early days of the industrial. Revolution steam was so very important. James Watt contributed big time with an improved working steam engine that powered the world forward.
James Watt didn’t invent the steam engine, but he did make it work. In fact, his innovation helped turn on the world from agrarian to industrial. Fitting of a man who contributed so much to power and engines, Watt did manage to take credit for inventing the rotating engines and a device known as the flyball, which controls the speed of an engine automatically.
Cool fact: The electrical unit of measurement ~The Watt~ is named in of honor James Watt, who many consider to be greatest engineer of all time.
Benjamin Franklin
January 17,1706-April 17,1790
Franklin was a extraordinary inventor. Among his many crea-tions were the lightning rod, the glass armonica, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, and flexible urlnary catheter. Yup, Benjamin Franklin made some pretty important contributions to science. Still, remember drawing of him flying a kite in a storm? The experiment taught Franklin a lot about electricity and gave us the lightening rod. Cool fact, inventor and stud often used to describe the same guy. But with Benjamin Franklin, you need to make an exception, he was the ultimate ladies man of his time and his popularity with the French women certainly helped the American cause.
Howard Hughes, Jr
Dec 24,1905-April 1976
Howard Hughes, Jr didn’t invent the airplane, but he basically wrote the book on airlines as the father of TWA. That airlines in now gone, but air travel remains thanks to Mr. Hughes. Known as trade industrialist, aviator, engineer, and movie producer, he introduce a number of design innovation to the airplanes. He redesigned the H-1 Racer to have retractable landing geer and all rivets and joints to be set flush into the body of plane to reduce drag. These enhancement influenced the design of a number of World War II fighter airplanes. Hughes came from inventor’s family. His father, Howard Senior, invented a drill bit that enable oil rigs to tap previously inaccessible source. Late in life, he was known as a recluse, but in his heyday he set out to conquer the worlds of aviation and Hollywood. He was widely known as a playboy and one of the wealthiest people in the world.
Cool fact in 1972, Howard Hughes was re-cruitted provide cover for a CIA covert opera-ion. The mission, cordenamed” project Jennifer, was to raise a sunken soviet submarine off the coast of Hawaii. Unfortunately, only met with limited success and a 1975 burglary exposed some of Hughes’ secret papers, bringing his involvement with the CIA to light.
Isaac Newton
4 January 1643-31 march 1727
If you struggled through advance-ed math course, you’re probably
not a big fan of Isaac Newton. Yup, he invited calculus. If you study physic today, you still start with the work of Isaac Newton, whether you’re talking about gravity, to the principles of lights and optic. Newton was the first to ague that light was composed of particles, which enable him to develop his own reflecting telescope. Newton also made contribu-tions by studying the principles of sound and heat.
Cool fact: it’s easy to think of scientist as socially incompetent lab rats; Newton has certainly an exception. For nearly two years, Newton worked as an attorney for the king of England, prosecuting counterfeiters. By the end of his period in the law, Newton had 10 men facing execution for their crimes.
Alexander Bell
March 3,1847-August 2, 1922
Today phone is not strange. Did you know that the work Scottishborn Alexander Gra-ham Bell made the first and most powerful phone company possi-ble? But bell whose mother and wife were deaf, wasn’t first a wonder in one field, his ideas ranged frobtain conditioning (he actually set up a primitive system for use in his home) to the hydrofoil to a concept whereby information could be stored on a magnets (which led to an Innovation Bell never lived to see the computer).
Cool fact: Bell has credit fore inventing the world’s first metal detector, a device that he put together to find a bullet lodged in President James Garfield. The metal detector worked, but it was unable to locate the bullet because the President was laying on a metal-framed bed while being examined.
Alessandro Volta
February 18, 1745- March 5 1827
Volta didn’t discovery elec-tricity, but he had a good idea on how to make it portable. The Voltaic Pike was the prototype to the modern electric battery. Alessandro Volta was busy with all things electric, he invented the electrophorus (a single plate capacitor that produced an electric charge). A year later, he turned his attention to experiments or ignite gases in closed vessels to produce energy. In the process Volta discovered methane, a gas commonly used today to heat homes. But it was the Voltaic Pile that really make Volta famous. Quite literally, it was pile of alternating zinc and copper disc with pieces of salt water soaked cloth in between to increase conductivity. The crude battery showed the world how to generate an electric charge out of metal/ chemical combination.
Cool fact: to honor this great Italian inventor, Napoleon Bonaparte made him a Count in1810. but the honors didn’t stop there, in 1881, the Volt (an electronic unit) was named after him.
Nikola Tesla
1856-1943
Although he didn’t get credit for it while was alive, the Supreme Coure enventually upheld his patent application and recognized Nikola Tesla, not Guglielmo Mar-coni, as the inventor radio. Believing that women would become the domain sex in the future, Tesla was about as eccentric as they come. He invented a method of transmitting electricity known as alter-nating current, which is still use today. But his main focus was on the theoretical application of electri-city, many of which are still theories. Tesla, who often made his own equipment, worked on a range of ideas from X-rays to an earthquake machine.
Cool fact: Near the end of his life, Tesla was working on a death ray. While that nation might sound like the work of science fiction, the FBI certainly didn’t find it entertaining, and J. Edgar Hoover ordered Tesla’s papers seized and declarat-ed “top secret”.
Leonardo Da Vinci
April 15,1472-May 2, 1519
When you’re talking about Leo-nardo da Vinci, the best question is: what didn’t he invent? His journals illustrated practical design for so many things, but the most noteworthy of all has to be a calculator. Imagine where science would be without the ability to perform simple and complex mathematics. Leonardo Da Vinci was the ideal Re-naissance man. He could paint (the Monalisa, The Last Supper). He could sculpt and he could invent. His notebooks continue to fascinate the world to this day. They have outlines and sketches of every-thing from the human body a helicopter to a tank.
Cool fact: da Vinci’s famous notebooks consist of over 13,000 pages and continue to influence science to this day. In 2005, a British surgeon used da Vinci’s design repair damaged hearts, an amazing feat in it’s own right, but truly awesome when you realize that da Vinci had to concept how the body’s circulatory system worked.
Thomas Edison
(February 11,1847 October 8, 1931)
Edison’s invention had such a great effect on the world. It’s easy to focus on the light bulb when we think of Edison, but his real insight came with the power to make light bulb work in 1882, Edison gave the world its first power distribution company, sending electric to 59 cus-tomers in lower Manhattan. Backed by JP Morgan and the Vanderbilts, Edison also used his know-ledge to give the world an early version of stock ticker.
Cool fact it’s a good thing that Edison didn’t put his knowledge to work an the field of human science for the last year of his life he followed o popular fad diet that required him to drink nothing but a pint of milk every three hours.
Johannes Gutenberg
1398-February 3, 1468
Johannes Gutenberg put all the pieces together when he made a practical printing press that used moveable type. His idea might seem small but actually his press started the information revolution. In truth, the Chinese had been using moveable type for centuries, but Gutenberg was the first to print his type in books, not silk. That innovation made knowledge available to a wider class of people and give birth to the Age of Enlightenment. As an inno-vator, Gutenberg was superior, but as a business-man, he was a failure. His printing press changed the world, but failed to make him a profit and he lost the rights to his invention in a lawsuits against his financier.
Cool fact: In debt and battling alcoholism, Gutenberg spent the later years of his life working for the Archbishop of Mainz, who paid him in food and lodging to control his drinking habit.
James Watt
January 19,1736- August 19 1819
Steam in not energy source today. Anyway, back in the early days of the industrial. Revolution steam was so very important. James Watt contributed big time with an improved working steam engine that powered the world forward.
James Watt didn’t invent the steam engine, but he did make it work. In fact, his innovation helped turn on the world from agrarian to industrial. Fitting of a man who contributed so much to power and engines, Watt did manage to take credit for inventing the rotating engines and a device known as the flyball, which controls the speed of an engine automatically.
Cool fact: The electrical unit of measurement ~The Watt~ is named in of honor James Watt, who many consider to be greatest engineer of all time.
Benjamin Franklin
January 17,1706-April 17,1790
Franklin was a extraordinary inventor. Among his many crea-tions were the lightning rod, the glass armonica, the Franklin stove, bifocal glasses, and flexible urlnary catheter. Yup, Benjamin Franklin made some pretty important contributions to science. Still, remember drawing of him flying a kite in a storm? The experiment taught Franklin a lot about electricity and gave us the lightening rod. Cool fact, inventor and stud often used to describe the same guy. But with Benjamin Franklin, you need to make an exception, he was the ultimate ladies man of his time and his popularity with the French women certainly helped the American cause.
Howard Hughes, Jr
Dec 24,1905-April 1976
Howard Hughes, Jr didn’t invent the airplane, but he basically wrote the book on airlines as the father of TWA. That airlines in now gone, but air travel remains thanks to Mr. Hughes. Known as trade industrialist, aviator, engineer, and movie producer, he introduce a number of design innovation to the airplanes. He redesigned the H-1 Racer to have retractable landing geer and all rivets and joints to be set flush into the body of plane to reduce drag. These enhancement influenced the design of a number of World War II fighter airplanes. Hughes came from inventor’s family. His father, Howard Senior, invented a drill bit that enable oil rigs to tap previously inaccessible source. Late in life, he was known as a recluse, but in his heyday he set out to conquer the worlds of aviation and Hollywood. He was widely known as a playboy and one of the wealthiest people in the world.
Cool fact in 1972, Howard Hughes was re-cruitted provide cover for a CIA covert opera-ion. The mission, cordenamed” project Jennifer, was to raise a sunken soviet submarine off the coast of Hawaii. Unfortunately, only met with limited success and a 1975 burglary exposed some of Hughes’ secret papers, bringing his involvement with the CIA to light.
Isaac Newton
4 January 1643-31 march 1727
If you struggled through advance-ed math course, you’re probably
not a big fan of Isaac Newton. Yup, he invited calculus. If you study physic today, you still start with the work of Isaac Newton, whether you’re talking about gravity, to the principles of lights and optic. Newton was the first to ague that light was composed of particles, which enable him to develop his own reflecting telescope. Newton also made contribu-tions by studying the principles of sound and heat.
Cool fact: it’s easy to think of scientist as socially incompetent lab rats; Newton has certainly an exception. For nearly two years, Newton worked as an attorney for the king of England, prosecuting counterfeiters. By the end of his period in the law, Newton had 10 men facing execution for their crimes.
Alexander Bell
March 3,1847-August 2, 1922
Today phone is not strange. Did you know that the work Scottishborn Alexander Gra-ham Bell made the first and most powerful phone company possi-ble? But bell whose mother and wife were deaf, wasn’t first a wonder in one field, his ideas ranged frobtain conditioning (he actually set up a primitive system for use in his home) to the hydrofoil to a concept whereby information could be stored on a magnets (which led to an Innovation Bell never lived to see the computer).
Cool fact: Bell has credit fore inventing the world’s first metal detector, a device that he put together to find a bullet lodged in President James Garfield. The metal detector worked, but it was unable to locate the bullet because the President was laying on a metal-framed bed while being examined.
Alessandro Volta
February 18, 1745- March 5 1827
Volta didn’t discovery elec-tricity, but he had a good idea on how to make it portable. The Voltaic Pike was the prototype to the modern electric battery. Alessandro Volta was busy with all things electric, he invented the electrophorus (a single plate capacitor that produced an electric charge). A year later, he turned his attention to experiments or ignite gases in closed vessels to produce energy. In the process Volta discovered methane, a gas commonly used today to heat homes. But it was the Voltaic Pile that really make Volta famous. Quite literally, it was pile of alternating zinc and copper disc with pieces of salt water soaked cloth in between to increase conductivity. The crude battery showed the world how to generate an electric charge out of metal/ chemical combination.
Cool fact: to honor this great Italian inventor, Napoleon Bonaparte made him a Count in1810. but the honors didn’t stop there, in 1881, the Volt (an electronic unit) was named after him.
Nikola Tesla
1856-1943
Although he didn’t get credit for it while was alive, the Supreme Coure enventually upheld his patent application and recognized Nikola Tesla, not Guglielmo Mar-coni, as the inventor radio. Believing that women would become the domain sex in the future, Tesla was about as eccentric as they come. He invented a method of transmitting electricity known as alter-nating current, which is still use today. But his main focus was on the theoretical application of electri-city, many of which are still theories. Tesla, who often made his own equipment, worked on a range of ideas from X-rays to an earthquake machine.
Cool fact: Near the end of his life, Tesla was working on a death ray. While that nation might sound like the work of science fiction, the FBI certainly didn’t find it entertaining, and J. Edgar Hoover ordered Tesla’s papers seized and declarat-ed “top secret”.
Leonardo Da Vinci
April 15,1472-May 2, 1519
When you’re talking about Leo-nardo da Vinci, the best question is: what didn’t he invent? His journals illustrated practical design for so many things, but the most noteworthy of all has to be a calculator. Imagine where science would be without the ability to perform simple and complex mathematics. Leonardo Da Vinci was the ideal Re-naissance man. He could paint (the Monalisa, The Last Supper). He could sculpt and he could invent. His notebooks continue to fascinate the world to this day. They have outlines and sketches of every-thing from the human body a helicopter to a tank.
Cool fact: da Vinci’s famous notebooks consist of over 13,000 pages and continue to influence science to this day. In 2005, a British surgeon used da Vinci’s design repair damaged hearts, an amazing feat in it’s own right, but truly awesome when you realize that da Vinci had to concept how the body’s circulatory system worked.
Langganan:
Postingan (Atom)
